ืžื”ื™ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืกืงื™ ื–ืจื + ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืกืงื™ ื–ืจื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™. ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืก ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืงื• ืื• ืงืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืจืง ื”ืงื• ืขื ื”ื ื–ืง ืžื•ื’ืŸ, ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืงื™ืŸ. ื ื ืชื— ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”, ื ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืคื”, ืชื•ืš ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื.

ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืจ:

ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช

ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคืขืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืงื ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื ืชืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื’ื•ืข ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™.

ืขื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืคืกืงื™ ื–ืจื, ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืจืฆื™ืคื”, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืกืคืง ืชืงื™ืŸ.

ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืžืชื’ื™ ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืคืกืง ื”ืงืœื˜ ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืžืคืกืง 50 ืืžืคืจ ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ืื– ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ื• ืžืชื’ ืขื ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื–ืจื ืฉืœ 40 A.

ืžืคืกืง ื—ืฉืžืœ
ืžืคืกืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื™ื“ื™ืช (1), ืžืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ื•ืจื’ (2), ืžื’ืขื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื (3, 4), ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื“ื•-ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช (5), ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ (6), ืกื•ืœื ื•ืื™ื“ (7), ืจืฉืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช. (8) , ืชืคืกื™ื (9)

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืช, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืœื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื. ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื ืข ืขื ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื’ืข ืงื‘ื•ืข.

ื ื™ืชื•ืง, ืื ื”ื–ืจื ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•, ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืงื‘ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื“ื•-ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืกื•ืœื ื•ืื™ื“.

ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžื’ืข, ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช. ื™ืฉ ืชืคืก ืœืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ืช ืžืžืกืจ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื’ื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืชืง ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”-EPS.

ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื”
ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื—ืœืง ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงื ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉื™ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”

ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ. ืื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืจ, ื”ืŸ ืžืคืกืงื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื™ืชื—ืžืžื•.

ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืงืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืงื•, ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืขื™ื ืžืชื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืืฉ.

ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืงื• ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืจื•ืš. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืชืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืชื—ื™ืœื”.

ืื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืงืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืฉืงืข ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื• ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืฉืงืข ื–ื” ื‘ืคืื ืœ. ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ืชื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืกืง ื‘ืœื•ื—, ื•ืจืง ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• - ื”ืงืœื˜ ืื—ื“.

ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื”

ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ GOSTotm IEC 60947-1-2014. ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช - ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ, ืื–ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœื”.

ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื–ืจื ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืกืง ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืžืชื—ืช.

ื”ืคืขืœื” ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ืžืชื’ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื.

ืื ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืขืจืš ื”ื–ืจื ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืคืกืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ. ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ืชืงืœื•ืช. ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ืขื ืงืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™.

ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชื’ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืจืง ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืื—ื“. ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช.

ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช 1
ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ื ืžืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”
ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช 2
ื”ืื•ืช "T" ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื–ืจื ื”ืชืงืœื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”, ืชื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”, ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ื•ื”ืื•ืคืงื™. ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื–ื ืช ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.

ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืขืฆืจ, ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฉืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื•.

ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื™ืฉื ื 7 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช:

  • ืึตื–ื•ึนืจ;
  • ื–ืจื-ื–ืžืŸ;
  • ืึตื ึถืจึฐื’ึดื™ึธื”;
  • ื–ืžื ื™;
  • ืžืœื;
  • ื—ืœืงื™;
  • ื ื•ึนื›ึฐื—ึดื™

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขื ืžืคืกืงื™ ื–ืจื, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืชื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”.

ืกื•ื’ #1 - ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืช

ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื–ื•ื’ ืžืคืกืงื™ ื–ืจื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื”, ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื–ืจืžื™ ื™ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืœื™ื“ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืงืœื”.

ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื”, ืืš ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื–ืจื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกืฃ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข.

ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืช
ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืžืคืกืงื™ื (A ื•-B) ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืฆืจ, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ื™ื ื•ืชืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื’ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•. ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ื›ื‘ื•

ืื ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœืงื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ AVs, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื”ืงืฆืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืกืงื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.

ืกื•ื’ #2 - ืกื•ื’ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช

ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™. ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืงืœื˜, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื”. ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ - ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืฆืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืงืœื˜, ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื–ืจื ื”ืงืฆืจ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช. ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื”.

ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืง ืขืงื‘ ืงืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจื›ื™ ื–ืจื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืจืง ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื–ืจื ื”ืงืฆืจ ื ืžื•ืš, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืกืงื™ ื–ืจื ื™ืฉื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช.ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.

ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืฉืœื‘ ื–ืจื ื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื–ืจื ืงืฆืจ ืขื ืขื›ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื.

ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื˜ืŸ.

ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช AV. ืขื ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ Isd1 ื•- Isd2 ื–ื”ื™ื ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื– Is - ื–ืจื ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-Isd2. ืื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, Is = Isd1.

ื”ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื: Ir1/Ir2 > 2 ื•- Isd1/Isd2 > 2. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื Is = Isd1.

ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืชืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืคื’ื•ืžื” ืื ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื’ื•ืžื”.

ื‘ืขืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืช ื–ืจื, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืคืกืงื™ ื–ืจื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™.

ืกื•ื’ #3 - ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื™

ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื–ืจื ื–ื”ื™ื, ืืš ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืœื” ื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™. ื–ื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืืชืจ ื”ื ื–ืง ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“, ื”ื‘ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื•ื›ื•'.

ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”
ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื“ื•-ืžืคืœืกื™ ื–ื”, ืœืžืชื’ "A" ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืกืคืง ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ AB "B"

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื-ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื–ืจื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืขืจืš ื–ืจื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœืช, ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžืžื ื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชืงืœื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื‘ื”.

ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช AB. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ-ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืžืชื’ื™ื B ื•-A ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื

ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื”. ื›ืืฉืจ Isc B< Irm A, ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™. AB, ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืœืžืขืœื”, ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช: Im A ื•-Ii A. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื–ืจื ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.

ืกื•ื’ #4 - ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

ืขื ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”. ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื” ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœื–ืจื ื”ืงืฆืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•.

ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื ื–ืžืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ืจื, ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.

ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ืจื ื’ื“ืœ, ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคื•ื—ืช. ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืฆื“ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื–ืจื ื”ืกืฃ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืคืกืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื”.

ืกื•ื’ #5 - ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื™ืงืจื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืกืฃ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืžื•ืคืขืœืช. ืจืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืขื ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื”ืคืจื”, ื ืฉืœื— ืื•ืช ืžื”ืžืชื’ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืžืขืœ. ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘, ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืคืขืœ.

ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืจืจื ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” - ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื’ื ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉืœื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื™ื. ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื•ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.

ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจ
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืงื ื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืคืกืง ืœืจืžืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืคืขืœืช, ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงืฆืจ ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœืช, ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื”.

ืื‘ืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ืงืฆืจ ื•ื–ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืชืงื ื™ ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ื•ื”ืคืฆื” ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืฉืœ ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื.

ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช

ื™ื•ึนื“ึตืขึท ืงึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึผื›ึฐืชื•ึนื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืกืงื™ื. ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืชื’ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื”: Is.o.last โ‰ฅ Kn.o.โˆ™ I k.prev.

ื›ืืŸ Iั.ะพ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. - ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. I k.pred. - ื–ืจื ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. Kn.o. - ืžืงื“ื ืืžื™ื ื•ืช. ืขืจื›ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื.

ื˜ื‘ืœืช ืขืจื›ื™ AB
ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื–ื•, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืชืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ

ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ tั.ะพ.last โ‰ฅ tะบ.prev.+ โˆ†t ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžืช AV ืชืœื•ื™ืช ื–ืžืŸ. tั.ะพ.last, tะบ.prev. - ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ืžืชื’ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื. โˆ†t ื”ื•ื ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืœืงื— ืžื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช.

ืžืคืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื”

ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื–ืจื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืžืคื™ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืชื’ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ืžืชื’ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืกื“ืจื”.

ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืคืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช:

  1. ืœืžืชืงื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืชื— ืื—ื“.
  2. ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœื.
  3. ื”ืžืคื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.

ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืงื ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืคืจื™ื, ื•ืžืคื•ืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื. ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื.

ื’ืจืฃ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื• ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”. ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ื

ื”ืžืคื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.

ื–ื ื™ ื–ืจื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืคืกืงื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”: ื ืชื™ื›ื™ื, ืžืžืกืจ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœ 2-3 ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ AB. ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืกืกื™ืก ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื‘-kV, ื•ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื

ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžืคืกืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื:

ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืคืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช:

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœืš.

ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืขื™ืœ? ืื• ืฉืžืช ืœื‘ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”? ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืืœื”? ืื ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ืš ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืง ืœืžื˜ื”.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื
  1. ืื™ื‘ืŸ

    ืฉืืœื”: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื ืชื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืงื• ื”ืืกืคืงื” โ€‹โ€‹ื•ืžืคืกืง ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืงื•, ืื ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืชื™ื›ื™ื ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื‘-A ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืกืกื™ืก, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืžืชื’ ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ื›ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื’ ื‘-kA

ื”ึทืกึธืงึธื”

ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ

ื—ืฉืžืœ